Sketches in pencil, 3 pages, illegible. Manuscript of the full work, with annotations about. State Higher School of Music in Warsaw. Recent Polish Publications on Canada and the. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1970. The Changing Seasons of the Warsaw Autumn. Contemporary Music in Poland, 1960-1990. The narrator of the film is an artist who, having emigrated to Sweden, left all his sketches in Poland and took up gardening in his new motherland. Battle of Warsaw (1. Wikipedia. Battle of Warsaw. Part of the Polish. Poland, on the verge of total defeat, repulsed and defeated the invading Red Army. It was, and still is, celebrated as a great victory for the Polish people over Soviets and communism. As Soviet forces invaded Poland in summer 1. Polish army retreated westward in disorder. The Polish forces seemed on the verge of disintegration and observers predicted a decisive Soviet victory. The battle of Warsaw was fought from August 1. On August 1. 6, Polish forces commanded by J. Sketches from the Warsaw ghetto. SKETCHES OF 4 FORMER LEADERS ARRESTED IN POLAND SKETCHES OF 4 FORMER LEADERS ARRESTED IN POLAND; Edward Gierek Published: December 14, 1981. Estimated Russian losses were 1. Polish losses of some 4,5. The defeat crippled the Red Army; Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik leader, called it . The Bolshevik's speeches asserted that the revolution was to be carried to western Europe on the bayonets of Russian soldats and that the shortest route to Berlin and Paris lay through Warsaw. After early setbacks against Poland in 1. Red Army was overwhelmingly successful in a counter- offensive in early 1. Polish Kiev Operation, forcing a Polish retreat. By mid- 1. 92. 0, Poland's very survival was at stake and foreign observers expected it to collapse at any moment. Its capture would have had a major propaganda effect for the Russian Bolsheviks, who expected the fall of the Polish capital not only to undermine the morale of the Poles, but to spark an international series of communist uprisings and clear the way for the Red Army to join the German Revolution. The Russian 1st Cavalry Army under Semyon Budyonny broke through Polish lines in early June 1. On July 4, 1. 92. Mikhail Tukhachevsky's Western Front began an all- out assault in Belarus from the Berezina River, forcing Polish forces to retreat. On July 1. 9 the Red Army seized Grodno and on July 2. Bia. In the first phase, it called for Polish forces to withdraw across the Vistula River and defend the bridgeheads at Warsaw and at the Wieprz River, a tributary of the Vistula southeast of Warsaw. A quarter of the available divisions would be concentrated to the south for a strategic counteroffensive. At the same time, the 5th Army (5. Additionally, five divisions of the 5th Army were to protect Warsaw from the north. General Franciszek Latinik's 1st Army would defend Warsaw itself, while General Boles. This unit, composed of the most elite Polish units from the southern front, was to be reinforced by General Leonard Skierski's 4th Army and General Zygmunt Zieli. After retreating from the Bug River area, those armies had not moved directly toward Warsaw but had crossed the Wieprz River and broken off contact with their pursuers, thus confusing the enemy as to their whereabouts. The Assault Group's assignment was to spearhead a rapid offensive from their southern position in the Vistula- Wieprz River triangle. They were supposed to advance north, targeting a weak spot that the Polish intelligence thought to have found in between the Soviet Western and Southwestern Fronts, where their communications relied on the weak Mazyr Group. The aim of this operation was to throw the Soviet Western Front into chaos, and separate it from its reserves. According to the plan, Sikorski's 5th Army and the advancing Assault Group would meet near the East Prussian border, leaving the Soviets trapped in an encirclement. All regrouping was within striking distance of the enemy; if Pi. Only the desperate situation persuaded other army commanders to go along with it, as they realized that under the circumstances it was the only possible way to avoid a devastating defeat. The plan seemed so desperate and inept, that when a copy of it was intercepted by the Soviets, it was discarded as a poor deception attempt. Its aim would have been to push the Red Army 3. The plan was opposed by the French mission, which did not believe that the Polish army would be able to regroup after a 6. He pondered and checked these considerations during the night of 5. In the morning, he received Rozwadowski and together they worked out the details. Rozwadowski pointed out the value of the River Wieprz . Weygand admitted in his memoirs that . With 2. 4 divisions in four armies under his command, he planned to repeat the classic maneuver of Ivan Paskevich, who in 1. November Uprising, had crossed the Vistula at Toru. That unit consisted of the 5. Infantry Division, 8,0. Soviet two fronts (the majority of the Russian Southwest Front was engaged in the battle of Lw. By contrast the Poles were speedy, making every day's delay a liability to the Soviets. Furthermore there was poor coordination between the Soviet Western Command and the three armies of the Southwestern Command. In the political sphere, Davies argues, there was too much friction inside the Soviet Command. Moscow had decided for political reasons to reinforce the Crimean front at the expense of the Polish front. It meant it was replacing its goals of Europe- wide Communist revolution with a sort of . The 1. 5th and 3rd Armies were approaching Modlin Fortress and the 1. Army moved towards Warsaw. The final Russian assault on Warsaw began on August 1. In heavy fighting, Radzymin changed hands several times and most foreign diplomats left Warsaw; only the British and Vatican ambassadors chose to remain. The 5th Army had to fight three Soviet armies at once: the 3rd, 4th, and 1. The Modlin sector was reinforced with reserves (the Siberian Brigade, and General Franciszek Krajowski's fresh 1. Infantry Division. Shuvayev's Soviet 4th Army. Since the Polish code- breakers did not want the Russians to find out that their codes had been broken, the remaining Soviet radio station was neutralized by having the radio station in Warsaw recite the Book of Genesis in Polish and Latin on the frequency used by the 4th Army. It thus lost contact with its headquarters and continued marching toward Toru. The struggle for control of Radzymin forced J. He decided to supervise the attack, personally handing in a letter of resignation from all state functions so he could concentrate on the military situation and so that if he died, it would not paralyze the state. There were only token Polish resistance in the path of the main Russian advance north and across the Vistula, on the right flank of the battle (from the perspective of the Soviet advance). Budyonny resented this order, influenced by a grudge between commanding South- Western Front generals Alexander Ilyich Yegorov and Tukhachevsky. Ultimately, Budyonny's forces marched on Lw. It faced the combined forces of the Soviet 3rd and 1. Armies (both numerically and technically superior). However, the Soviet advance toward Warsaw and Modlin was halted at the end of August 1. Polish forces recaptured Radzymin, which boosted the Polish morale. Sikorski's units were given the support of almost all of the small number of mechanized units . It was able to advance rapidly at the speed of 3. Soviet . It faced the Mazyr Group, a Soviet corps that had defeated the Poles during the Kiev operation several months earlier. However, during its pursuit of the retreating Polish armies, the Mozyr Group had lost most of its troops and had been reduced to only one or two divisions covering a 1. Soviet 1. 6th Army. On the first day of the counteroffensive, only one of the five Polish divisions reported any sort of opposition, while the remaining four, supported by a cavalry brigade, managed to advance north 4. When evening fell, the town of W. The Assault Group units covered about 7. As planned, it split the Soviet fronts, disrupting the offensive, all without encountering any significant resistance. The Mozyr Group had already been defeated on the first day of the Polish counterattack. Consequently, the Polish armies found what they had hoped for . They exploited it ruthlessly, continuing their northward offensive with two armies following and falling on the surprised and confused enemy. He wanted to straighten the front line to improve his logistics, regain the initiative and push the Poles back again, but the situation had progressed beyond salvaging. His orders either arrived too late or failed to arrive at all. Soviet General Bzhishkyan's 3rd Cavalry Corps continued to advance toward Pomerania, its lines endangered by the Polish 5th Army, which had finally managed to push back the Red Army and switched over to pursuit. The Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division, in order to cut the enemy's retreat, carried out a forced march, going on the move for up to 2. Lubart. The division's rapid advance allowed it to intercept the 1. Soviet Army, cutting it off from reinforcements near Bia. Some divisions continued to fight their way toward Warsaw, while others retreated, lost their cohesion and panicked. Only the 1. 5th Army remained an organized force; it tried to obey Tukhachevsky's orders, shielding the withdrawal of the westernmost extended 4th Army. However, it was defeated twice on August 1. Red Army's North- Western Front. Tukhachevsky had no choice but to order a full retreat toward the Western Bug River. By August 2. 1, all organized resistance ceased to exist, and by August 3. Soviet Southwestern Front was completely routed. On July 4, four Soviet armies of the North- Western Front began to advance on Warsaw. After initial successes, by the end of August, three of them . The 3rd Army was the least affected; due to the speed of its retreat, the pursuing Polish troops could not catch up with it. Between 2. 5,0. 00 and 3. Soviet troops managed to reach the borders of Germany. After crossing into East Prussian territory, they were briefly interned, then allowed to leave with their arms and equipment. Poland captured about 2. Semyon Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army, besieging Lw. By mid- October, the Polish army had reached the Tarnopol- Dubno- Minsk- Drisa line. Tukhachevsky succeeded eventually in reorganizing his eastward- retreating forces, but not in regaining the initiative. In September, he established a new defensive line near Grodno. In order to break it, the Polish army fought the Battle of the Niemen River (September 1.
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